Teacher Credentialing Block Grant Clusters (CA Dept of Education)Funding Description. The California Department of Education (CDE) and the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC) award cluster grants on a competitive basis to Beginning Teacher Support and Assessment (BTSA) Induction Programs. There are six regional clusters and two grants are awarded per cluster. The grantees identify a teacher induction program consultant to assist the school district or consortiums of school districts forming a cluster. Primary responsibilities include assisting in designing, implementing, refining, and evaluating the teacher induction programs; disseminating information on teacher induction programs to all interested participants within the cluster; and collaborating with other cluster staff and state administrative agency staff statewide to ensure ongoing program effectiveness and improvement. It is a competitive process that is consistent with the requirements of BTSA funding. Eligible applicants include districts or consortium of school districts currently administering a local BTSA teacher induction program. All applicants must show that they have the capacity to serve all current and emerging BTSA programs located within the cluster region from which they apply. Other Eligibility Considerations. School districts, consortium of school districts, or county offices of education that are awarded the cluster grants must identify a teacher induction consultant to assist and support the local educational agencies forming the cluster for which they apply. Eligible Grade Level(s). Not applicable. Eligible Age Level(s). In order to obtain a Single Subject Credential in mathematics, you will need to demonstrate Subject Matter Competence (SMC). The remainder of this page describes options for and information about demonstrating SMC in mathematics. Demonstrating Subject. Not applicable. Funding. Legal Authority. Education Code Sec. Budget Item Number 6. Source / Type. State / Grant. State Fiscal Year. SACS Resource / Revenue Codes. Total Available. $3,3. In California, state law establishes the Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC) and entrusts it with three specific teacher-quality processes: (1) accrediting teacher preparation programs, (2) credentialing teachers.Recipient Amount. Match Requirement. Allocation Formula. Unavailable. Important Dates. Date Application Available. Unavailable. Unavailable. Expected Notification Date. Unavailable. Additional Information. Application. Unavailable. Background. External Resources for Teachers. Commission on Teacher Credentialing (6360) The Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC) was created in 1970 to establish and maintain high standards for the preparation and licensing of public school teachers and administrators. The CTC issues permits and.
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Santa Clara County Rop in Sunnyvale, CANRGreat. Schools. District rating. This district's rating is based on its schools' test results.
Some districts will allow your child to attend a school in a neighboring district (called interdistrict choice). Santa Clara Adult Education / Homepage. We are upgrading to a new registration system. Message from the Director Fall 2. Santa Clara Adult Education is proud to be a member of the South Bay Consortium for Adult Education (SBCAE). SBCAE is a collaboration of four colleges and five adult schools in Santa Clara County, serving over 3. We are working together to build pathways for adult learners so they can achieve economic self- sufficiency in an area with one of the highest costs of living in the nation. Our consortium is committed to having a positive collective impact on the local workforce, building a just economy and healthy community. Members include: Santa Clara Adult Education - www. Milpitas Adult Education - adulted. Silicon Valley Adult Education – www. East Side Adult Education - adulteducation. San Jose City College - www. Evergreen Valley College - www. Mission College - www. West Valley College - www. Student Learning Outcomes Students will achieve a measurable increase in knowledge and skills in their area of study. Students will gain knowledge to identify and access diverse resources, information and technology related to their area of study. Students will apply knowledge and skills from their areas of study to their personal and professional lives. Direct Support Professional Training will no longer be coordinated through the Santa Clara County Office of Education. The Dental Assisting Program is still provided by the Santa Clara County Office of Education. Find information on Santa Clara County ROP-South located in Gilroy, California. See details on student-teacher ratio, student enrollment, reviews & ratings, and more. Santa Clara County ROP Serving San Benito and Santa Clara Counties Dear 10th & 11th Grade Parents: We have a common interest in your student’s future. The Santa Clara County Regional Occupational Program (ROP) offers a way. County of Santa Clara County Counsel PSJ CC01 120210. Anjali Bhargava Impact Litigation Fellow. ICE activated the program in Santa Clara County in May 2010 without approval from the Board.Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Gang Starr - Ownerz: Instrumentals music CD album at CD Universe, This is an Enhanced CD, which contains both regular audio tracks and multimedia computer files, This. Download 'Gang Starr - The Ownerz . Download millions of torrents with TV series, movies, music, PC/Playstation/Wii/Xbox games and more at Bitsnoop. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for The Ownerz (The Instrumentals) at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users./>. Tre The Boy Wonder, Afu-Ra, Guru, Dj Premier, Gang Starr, Big Daddy Kane, Gza. Rza, Ky-Mani Marley, Masta Killa, Royce The 5 9, Gentleman, M.O.P. Gang Starr - DWYCK Horny Instrumental (INSTRUMENTAL) - audio MP3 stream in full for free at UGHH. Find a Gang Starr - Step In The Arena (Instrumentals) first pressing or reissue. Complete your Gang Starr collection. Born of scandal and denied his birthright, Dominic Challenger took to the sea, charting his own future. A true rogue, Dominic answers to no one, trusting only himself. Born of wealth and privilege, Marisa is a prisoner to her father's expectations. When the sanctuary she has found behind the walls of a convent is threatened by the news that her father has arranged for her to marry, Marisa flees.. From the safety of a sheltered convent to a sultan's harem, from the opulence of Napoleon's court to the wilds of the new frontier, Marisa and Dominic brave all that they encounter in this thrilling age: intrigue, captivity and danger. And above all, an enduring passion that ignites into an infinite love. Rosemary Jansz was born on 7 December 1932 in the British colony. Rosemary Rogers became one of the legendaries 'Avon Queens of Historical. Download Free eBook:The Wildest Heart Rosemary Rogers - Free chm, pdf ebooks download. Find great deals on eBay for rosemary rogers books. Shop with confidence.
1-16 of 243 results for Books: 'rosemary rogers books' 'rosemary rogers books'. Book Depository Books With Free Delivery Worldwide: Casa.com Kitchen. Books-A-Million; IndieBound; Find in a library; All sellers » Sweet Savage Love. Harlequin, Jul 15, 2014 - Fiction - 400 pages. And, we’ll keep investing in search science innovation. But one of the biggest opportunities we have is to organize, catalogue, curate, and present our vast inventory in ways that enable every person who shops on e. Bay to find their version of perfect, no matter what it is. That’s why we have embarked on an ambitious, multi- year evolution of our shopping platform at e. Bay that aims to deliver relevant, persistent and personalized experiences for consumers.”The meat of the announcement can be boiled down to: – The Product Identifier path is where e. Bay is going and it looks as though this will see a dramatic change to the control sellers have over individual listings. Yes, a more Amazon- like catalogue approach. As Fisher says re structured data: “This is an important change we have embarked on that will eventually extend across our inventory.”– Machine learning will use past shopping data to personalise what shoppers see as they browse and search. He notes: “We’re creating new browsing flows and persistent product pages, allowing users to see relevant and tailored items, specifically based on their shopping behaviour.” (There are some specific examples in the blog post to help you understand what this could mean.) And some of these new flows are already in place and being tested.– Changes to the selling service. JBidwatcher is a free eBay tool that's easy to use, multiplatform, and allows you to snipe, bid, and track auctions. Login is SSL protected. By clicking on 'Log in Now' you agree to gixen.com terms of usage. How do I use your site? How do I buy a poster? All posters at CineMasterpieces.com can be purchased easily on line with a Credit Card, PayPal, Bank Wire, Check, or Money Order. We usually ship the same day your order is placed. Looking for best eBay alternatives to expand your business and diversify risks? Check out my TOP 6 recommendations for eBay alternatives! As aforementioned, the most common form of sniping is upping the bid little by little and swooping in at the last second a taking away your prize. As someone who has done this quite often, I can say that it is possible to win. The Seller Hub will roll out to all countries and be beefed up with improved analytics tools. Fisher says: “We are in the process of equipping our business- to- consumer sellers to figure out buyer demand gaps that need to be addressed and help them re- configure inventory accordingly.”So what does this mean in the short term for sellers? Probably not much, even though some of these new features are already in the wild. But in the longer term there’s no doubt that the plans revealed will be significant. The universal roll out of Seller Hub will mean changes to your daily routine. There’s no escaping structured data and product identifiers. And there’s more to be revealed about how listings will work in future. Browse and search is going to see significant change. It’s notable that as I write this that today is the first anniversary of e. Bay splitting from Pay. Pal. And, in that year, there hasn’t been much big news from e. Bay on a product front. But this is big news, have no doubt. What do you make of it? How to Snipe Automatically. Choose the sniping program or service that best suits your needs. Either create an account there and fund it if necessary or download and install the necessary software if required. It is like a computer browser. Cons. Upon first use the program asks you to provide the e. Bay login information (that is fine), then asks you to purchase it for $5. There is no trial button or trial anything (I could not find it). Summary. It might work well, but you have to purchase it to try it. Reply to this review. Was this review helpful?(1) (0) Pros. Nothing. Would instead recommend stand alone software that runs on your PC and maintains a connection with EBAY from your PC to check on your auctions. When first started using this app 2+ years ago, it was above average. Now many better apps available. If you're interested in wasting $$ and not winning this is for you. Cons. Real experience for 2+ years - here evaluating new options because now losing auctions says it all (e. Bay does not show bid entered so getting shut- out), Email Support only way to connect - no phone number & 'bus address' is residential - Get picture? Summary. This was once a solid app, but they suffer with delusions of granduer that simply aren't merited given the app's current performance. Compared to other apps out there Powersnipe is also waaay overpriced. Most important this app is NOW BEING BEATEN by other sniping apps which are working with better code. If you're evaluating sniping apps, heed these words of advice and look elsewhere. Reply to this review. Was this review helpful?(3) (0) Pros. Gets the job done. A number of software packages and websites offer eBay sniping tools. The advantage with using a website is that your PC doesn't even need to be on when the auction ends. If you don't want to snipe straight away, you can place. Consnot web based. Summary. I perfer to use the free online service from http: //www. I had NO IDEA that auctions could be sniped from an on- line site, for free. Just tried it for the first time, worked perfectly. The reason that this type of warning is displayed is because Vista discovered a program that has User Account Control. Disable and Enable Windows 7 Startup Programs Article. I will show you both ways: Opening System Configuration using the Control Panel: Click on Start. Vista's Software Explorer allows users to easily control startup programs. In Windows, how can I prevent a program from starting automatically? Following are three sets of directions you can follow to remove programs from automatic startup. After you have gone through each set of steps. You can bump up Microsoft Windows Vista performance by trimming back startup programs that may. Increase Vista performance by trimming startup. How to: take control of Vista Startup. Home » How To » How to: take control of Vista Startup. When troubleshooting any version of Windows learning what applications and processes are loading on startup is a critical step. To this end the old and faithful MSCONFIG application is a great help and it’s definitely present in Windows Vista too. How to manage/remove startup Programs in Windows. A lot of programs have settings to control whether it runs. The tip re stopping programs from running at startup in Vista does not work with my VAIO vista laptop. First, if control panel is in “classic view” typing “startup” in the search box returns nothing. How do I manage what programs start with Windows when Windows Defender is disabled? How Do I Manage Startup Programs When Windows Defender. How to use Defender to disable programs in Windows Vista For more information about how to use Software Explorer in Windows. For more information about how to modify the startup programs for Windows XP Professional. How to Disable Windows Startup Programs. Just go Start Run MSCONFIG and you’re there. Old and faithful MSCONFIGHowever times change and while MSCONFIG is a very useful little utility there are better options available. Developed by Mark Russinovich and Bryce Cogswell of Winternals (now Sysinternals and owned by Microsoft) Autoruns is a fantastic freeware app which does a full scan of your system and presents you with a total rundown of everything that happens on system startup and system logon. The GUI is very easy to navigate and gives you full functionality. To disable an entry simply untick its checkbox. To remove it completely simply right- click and choose delete. You can also verify each entry or do an online lookup which does a Google search on the process executable. If you’ve got Sysinternals Process Explorer installed Autoruns will integrate with it so that you can right- click on any entry and jump straight into Process Explorer. Autoruns has everything you need. You also can choose to hide Microsoft entries so that only third- party applications are visible . There is also a command- line driven version of the app available (called Autorunsc) and the Autoruns homepage has a list of available commands. There are also links to an article written by Mark Russinovich detailing how to use Autoruns as well as to the Sysinternals forums. Applications like Autoruns combine the best features of usability effectiveness and portability. It’s my new best friend. Roll Steering With GPSS By S- Tec. Roll Steering With GPSS By. S- Tec. When I first heard about the GPSS by S- Tec. I doubted it would work any better. GPS. When the GPSS is activated and a flight plan in the GPS is. GPSS does not look at the navigation indicator or HSI for any information. Sutton's Piper be sure to see. Equipment Installation Manual, GDC31 Roll Steering Converter Position/Rate Selection.19 Baud Rate Selection. Autopilot System 30, from S-Tec. ST-901 GPSS Converter (Included with 55X). Call 1-800-447-3408 for Ordering and Installation Pricing. FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual Supplement for. The SR20 installation of the S-Tec System 55X Autopilot features. Manual glideslope disabled. Autopilot System 50, from S-Tec. ST-901 GPSS Converter (Included with 55X). Call 1-800-447-3408 for Ordering and Installation Pricing. Lighted 3” Turn Coordinator.Blow By Blow of. his installation, you can see his custom panels along with the nice stack of. Sutton had his head on straight; he. Sandel, GNS 4. 30 and the FS 4. Folks that take the time to study the. I got a good deal on an STEC 50 which I want to use to replace my old inoperative autopilot. The problem is that it did not come with an Installation Manual and my avionics guy does not have one and can't find one. 400W SERIES INSTALLATION MANUAL GPS 400W, GNC TM 420W/420AW. 151st Street Olathe, KS 66062 USA Telephone. Lafayette Avionics, Inc. S-TEC 30 Autopilot System Installed $17,995.00. If S-TEC Manual Electric Pitch Trim is desired, add $5,995.00. If S-TEC ST-901 GPSS Roll Steering Converter is desired. Sutton felt he was ready to fly the Piper. Sutton I could tell he was a good pilot (I'm not saying. Mike feel good and he's already paid the bill): -) He ran through. Sutton and I checked out every. Sutton stayed the night in. SMX and headed home the next day. The GPSS should be on your. Preboot Execution Environment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A high- level PXE overview. In computing, the Preboot e. Xecution Environment (PXE, sometimes pronounced as pixie. On the client side it requires only a PXE- capable network interface controller (NIC), and uses a small set of industry- standard network protocols such as DHCP and TFTP. The concept behind the PXE originated in the early days of protocols like BOOTP/DHCP/TFTP, and as of 2. Given fast and reliable local area networks (LANs), PXE is the most frequent choice. This goal requires a client to use a set of pre- boot services, based on industry standard network protocols. Additionally, the Network Bootstrap Program (NBP) which is initially downloaded and run must be built using a client (the device to be bootstrapped via PXE) firmware layer providing a hardware independent standardized way to interact with the surrounding network booting environment. In this case the availability and subjection to standards are a key factor required to guarantee the network boot process system interoperability. One of the first attempts in this regard was the Bootstrap Loading using TFTP standard RFC 9. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) standard RFC 7. It was followed shortly after by the Bootstrap Protocol standard RFC 9. BOOTP), published in 1. IP address, the address of a TFTP server, and the name of an NBP to be loaded into memory and executed. Difficulties on BOOTP implementation among other reasons eventually led to the development of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol standard RFC 2. DHCP) published in 1. This pioneer TFTP/BOOTP/DHCP approach fell short because, at the time, it did not define the required standardized client side of the provisioning environment. The Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) was introduced as part of the Wired for Management. PXE version 2. 0 was released in December 1. September 1. 99. 9. Within the PXE schema the client side of the provisioning equation is now an integral part of the PXE standard and it is implemented either as a Network Interface Card (NIC) BIOS extension or today in modern devices as UEFI code. This distinctive firmware layer makes available at the client the functions of a basic Universal Network Driver Interface (UNDI), a minimalistic UDP/IP stack, a Preboot (DHCP) client module and a TFTP client module, together forming the PXE application programming interfaces (APIs) used by the NBP when needing to interact with the services offered by the server counterpart of the PXE environment. TFTP's low throughput, especially when used over high- latency links, has been initially mitigated by the TFTP Blocksize Option RFC 2. May 1. 99. 8, and later by the TFTP Windowsize Option RFC 7. January 2. 01. 5. Details. These protocols have been selected because they are easily implemented in the client's NIC firmware, resulting in standardized small- footprint PXE ROMs. Standardization, small size of PXE firmware images and their low use of resources are some of the primary design goals, allowing the client side of the PXE standard to be identically implemented on a wide variety of systems, ranging from powerful client computers to resource- limited single- board computers (SBC) and system- on- a- chip (So. C) computers. DHCP is used to provide the appropriate client network parameters and specifically the location (IP address) of the TFTP server hosting, ready for download, the initial bootstrap program (NBP) and complementary files. To initiate a PXE bootstrap session the DHCP component of the client's PXE firmware broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet containing PXE- specific options to port 6. UDP (DHCP server port); it asks for the required network configuration and network booting parameters. The PXE- specific options identify the initiated DHCP transaction as a PXE transaction. Standard DHCP servers (non PXE enabled) will be able to answer with a regular DHCPOFFER carrying networking information (i. IP address) but not the PXE specific parameters. A PXE client will not be able to boot if it only receives an answer from a non PXE enabled DHCP server. After parsing a PXE enabled DHCP server DHCPOFFER, the client will be able to set its own network IP address, IP Mask, etc., and to point to the network located booting resources, based on the received TFTP Server IP address and the name of the NBP. The client next transfers the NBP into its own random- access memory (RAM) using TFTP, possibly verifies it (i. UEFI Secure Boot), and finally boots from it. NBPs are just the first link in the boot chain process and they generally request via TFTP a small set of complementary files in order to get running a minimalistic OS executive (i. Windows. PE, or a basic Linux kernel+initrd). Install Boot Rom Polycom ConferenceThe small OS executive loads its own network drivers and TCP/IP stack. At this point, the remaining instructions required to boot or install a full OS are provided not over TFTP, but using a robust transfer protocol (such as HTTP, CIFS, or NFS). Integration. This design goal presented a challenge when dealing with the classic DHCP protocol. Corporate DHCP servers are usually subject to strict policies that are designed to prevent easily adding the additional parameters and rules required to support a PXE environment. For this reason the PXE standard developed the concept of DHCP redirection or . The idea behind a proxy. DHCP is to split the PXE DHCP requirements in two independently run and administered server units: The classic DHCP server providing IP address, IP mask, etc. Both answers together provide the required information to allow the PXE client to continue with its booting process. This non- intrusive approach allows setting a PXE environment without touching the configuration of an already working DHCP server. The proxy. DHCP service may also run on the same host as the standard DHCP service but even in this case they are both two independently run and administered applications. Since two services cannot use the same port 6. UDP on the same host, the proxy. DHCP runs on port 4. UDP. The proxy. DHCP approach has proved to be extremely useful in a wide range of PXE scenarios going from corporate to home environments. Availability. The version 2. IA- 6. 4 and DEC Alpha. However, PXE v. 2. IA- 3. 2. Despite this apparent lack of completeness Intel has recently decided to widely support PXE within the new UEFI specification extending the PXE functionality to all EFI/UEFI environments.
Current Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification 2. A, Section 2. 1 Network Protocols . These protocols include the Simple Network Protocol (SNP), the PXE Base Code Protocol (PXE), and the Boot Integrity services Protocol (BIS). This enables a PXE server to know (at boot time) the exact architecture of the client from the first network boot packet. The client system architecture values are listed (among other PXE parameters) within the 2. RFC 4. 57. 8 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for the Intel Preboot e. Extract the downloaded boot rom and firmware to the polycom folder ( C:\polycom). Download and Install the filezilla ftp server. Stay with the default value. Set Up the Provisioning Server. Polycom strongly recommends that you use a provisioning server to install and maintain your Polycom. Polycom phones can boot. With the recent release of UCS 5.0 for Polycom VVX Phones automatic firmware updates are now supported directly from the Lync Device Update service. This article shows you how to upgrade the firmware on your Polycom SoundPoint IP phones. Polycom SoundPoint firmware needs to be updated for use with 3CX. Install Boot Rom Polycom VvxXecution Environment (PXE)). With the advent of IPv. DHCP has evolved into DHCPv. PXE within the new DHCP protocol has been addressed by the 2. RFC 5. 97. 0 (DHCPv. Options for Network Boot). The original PXE client firmware extension was designed as an Option ROM for the IA- 3. BIOS, so a personal computer (PC) was originally made PXE- capable by installing a network interface controller (NIC) that provided a PXE Option ROM. Today the client PXE code is directly included within the NIC's own firmware and also as part of the UEFI firmware on UEFI hardware. Even when the original client PXE firmware has been written by Intel and always provided at no cost as a linkable IA3. Product Development Kit (PDK), the open source world has produced over the years non- standard derivative projects like g. PXE/i. PXE offering their own ROMs. While Intel based ROMs have always been rock solid implementing the client side of the PXE standard some people were willing to trade extra features for stability and PXE standard conformance. Acceptance. The availability of inexpensive Gigabit Ethernet hardware (NICs, switches, routers, etc.) has made of PXE the fastest method available for installing an operating system on a client when competing against the classic CD, DVD, and USB flash drive alternatives. Over the years several major projects have included PXE support, including: In regard to NBP development there are several projects implementing Boot Managers able to offer boot menu extended features, scripting capabilities, etc.: All the above- mentioned projects, when they are able to boot/install more than one OS, work under a . The initial NBP is a Boot Manager able to retrieve its own configuration and deploy a menu of booting options. The user selects a booting option and an OS dependent Boot Loader is downloaded and run in order to continue with the selected specific booting procedure. Sibling environments. BSDP v. 0. 1 was initially published by Apple in August 1. A Net. Boot client uses BSDP to dynamically acquire resources that enable it to boot a suitable operating system. BSDP is crafted on top of DHCP using vendor- specific information to provide the additional Net. Boot functionality not present in standard DHCP. The protocol is implemented in client firmware. At boot time, the client obtains an IP address via DHCP then discovers boot servers using BSDP. Each BSDP server responds with boot information consisting of: A list of bootable operating system images. The default operating system image. The client. The selected boot server responds supplying the boot file and boot image, and any other information needed to download and execute the selected operating system. Descendant environments. BINL is implemented as a server service and it is a key component of their Remote Installation Services (RIS) and Windows Deployment Services (WDS) strategies. It includes certain preparation processes and a network protocol that could be somehow considered a Microsoft crafted DHCP extension. There are also third-party programs that work on a variety of. The summer heat is a serious health concern for many of our senior citizens, especially those taking certain medications. Our Fan-Heat Relief Program is a way for senior citizens to have some form of cooling in. Good Fan control Program Subscribe Search This Thread. Currently, there are 2151 Active Users (381 Members and 1770. Fan Wedding Programs, Wholesale Various High Quality Fan Wedding Programs Products from Global Fan Wedding Programs Suppliers and Fan Wedding Programs Factory,Importer,Exporter at Alibaba.com. Cooling Assistance and Fan Care Programs. Fairfax County residents who need help to keep their homes cool this summer and prevent a health emergency resulting from extreme heat may be able to get assistance from two. Both heating and cooling training are typically included in HVAC programs, due to the similarity of these systems' components. Learn about the requirements for a degree, diploma or certificate in this field and explore career. Best Management Practice #1. Cooling Tower Management. Cooling towers dissipate heat from recirculating water used to cool chillers, air conditioners, or other process equipment to the ambient air. Heat is rejected to the environment from cooling towers through the process of evaporation. Therefore, by design, cooling towers use significant amounts of water. Overview. The thermal efficiency and longevity of the cooling tower and equipment depend on the proper management of recirculated water. Water leaves a cooling tower system in one of four ways. Evaporation: The primary function of the tower and the method that transfers heat from the cooling tower system to the environment. Drift: A small quantity of water may be carried from the tower as mist or small droplets. Drift loss is small compared to evaporation and blowdown and is controlled with baffles and drift eliminators. Blowdown: When water evaporates from the tower, dissolved solids (such as calcium, magnesium, chloride, and silica) remain in the recirculating water. As more water evaporates, the concentration of dissolved solids increases. If the concentration gets too high, the solids can cause scale to form within the system. The dissolved solids can also lead to corrosion problems. The concentration of dissolved solids is controlled by removing a portion of the highly concentrated water and replacing it with fresh make- up water. Carefully monitoring and controlling the quantity of blowdown provides the most significant opportunity to conserve water in cooling tower operations. Basin leaks or overflows: Properly operated towers should not have leaks or overflows. Check float control equipment to ensure the basin level is being maintained properly, and check system valves to make sure there are no unaccounted for losses. The sum of water that is lost from the tower must be replaced by make- up water: Make- Up = Evaporation + Blowdown + Drift. A key parameter used to evaluate cooling tower operation is . This is determined by calculating the ratio of the concentration of dissolved solids in the blowdown water compared to the make- up water. Because dissolved solids enter the system in the make- up water and exit the system in the blowdown water, the cycles of concentration are also approximately equal to the ratio of volume of make- up to blowdown water. From a water efficiency standpoint, you want to maximize cycles of concentration. This will minimize blowdown water quantity and reduce make- up water demand. However, this can only be done within the constraints of your make- up water and cooling tower water chemistry. Dissolved solids increase as cycles of concentration increase, which can cause scale and corrosion problems unless carefully controlled. In addition to carefully controlling blowdown, other water efficiency opportunities arise from using alternate sources of make- up water. Water from other facility equipment can sometimes be recycled and reused for cooling tower make- up with little or no pre- treatment, including: Air handler condensate (water that collects when warm, moist air passes over the cooling coils in air handler units). This reuse is particularly appropriate because the condensate has a low mineral content and is typically generated in greatest quantities when cooling tower loads are the highest. Water used once through a cooling system. Pretreated effluent from other processes provided that any chemicals used are compatible with the cooling tower system. High- quality municipal wastewater effluent or recycled water (where available). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water. Sense at Work cooling towers best management practice. Operation and Maintenance. To maintain water efficiency in operations and maintenance, federal agencies should: Calculate and understand . Work with your cooling tower water treatment specialist to maximize the cycles of concentration. Many systems operate at two to four cycles of concentration, while six cycles or more may be possible. Increasing cycles from three to six reduces cooling tower make- up water by 2. The actual number of cycles of concentration the cooling tower system can handle depends on the make- up water quality and cooling tower water treatment regimen. Typical treatment programs include corrosion and scaling inhibitors along with biological fouling inhibitors. Install a conductivity controller to automatically control blowdown. Work with a water treatment specialist to determine the maximum cycles of concentration the cooling tower system can safely achieve and the resulting conductivity (typically measured as micro Siemens per centimeter, . A conductivity controller can continuously measure the conductivity of the cooling tower water and discharge water only when the conductivity set point is exceeded. Install flow meters on make- up and blowdown lines. Check the ratio of make- up flow to blowdown flow. Then check the ratio of conductivity of blowdown water and the make- up water (handheld conductivity meters can be used to determine the relative mineral concentration of the recirculating and make- up water). These ratios should match the target cycles of concentration. If both ratios are not about the same, check the tower for leaks or other unauthorized draw- off. If the system is not operating at, or near, the target cycles of concentration, check system components including conductivity controller, make- up water fill valve, and blowdown valve. Read conductivity and flow meters regularly to quickly identify problems. Keep a log of make- up and blowdown quantities, conductivity, and cycles of concentration. Monitor trends to spot deterioration in performance. Consider using acid treatment such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, or ascorbic acid where appropriate. When added to recirculating water, acid can reduce the scale buildup potential from mineral deposits and allow the system to run at higher cycles of concentration. Acid treatment lowers the p. H of the water and is effective in converting a portion of the alkalinity (bicarbonate and carbonate), a primary constituent of scale formation, into more readily soluble forms. Make sure workers are fully trained in the proper handling of acids. Also note that acid overdoses can severely damage a cooling system. The use of a timer or continuous p. H monitoring via instrumentation should be employed. It is important to add acid at a point where the flow of water promotes rapid mixing and distribution. Select a water treatment vendor with care. Tell vendors that water efficiency is a high priority and ask them to estimate the quantities and costs of treatment chemicals, volumes of blowdown water, and the expected cycles of concentration ratio. Keep in mind that some vendors may be reluctant to improve water efficiency because it means the facility will purchase fewer chemicals. In some cases, saving on chemicals can outweigh the savings on water costs. Vendors should be selected based on . As coils become dirty or fouled, there is increased load on the chilled water system to maintain conditioned air set point temperatures. Increased load on the chilled water system not only has an associated increase in electrical consumption, it also increases the load on the evaporative cooling process, which uses more water. Retrofit Options. The following retrofit options help federal agencies maintain water efficiency across facilities: Consider installing a side- stream filtration system. These systems filter silt and suspended solids and return the filtered water to the recirculating water. This limits the fouling potential for the tower system, which is particularly helpful if the cooling tower is located in a dusty environment. Install a make- up water or side- stream softening system when hardness (calcium and magnesium) is the limiting factor on cycles of concentration. Water softening removes hardness using an ion exchange resin and can allow you to operate at higher cycles of concentration. Install covers on open distribution decks on top of the tower. Reducing the amount of sunlight on tower surfaces can significantly reduce biological growth such as algae. Consider alternative water treatment options, such as ozonation or ionization and chemical use. Be careful to consider the life cycle cost impact of such systems. Install automated chemical feed systems on large cooling tower systems (more than 1. The automated feed system should control chemical feed based on make- up water flow or real- time chemical monitoring. These systems minimize chemical use while optimizing control against scale, corrosion, and biological growth. Replacement Options. The following replacement options help federal agencies maintain water efficiency across facilities. Get expert advice to help determine if a cooling tower replacement is appropriate. New cooling tower designs and improved materials can significantly reduce water and energy requirements for cooling. Replacing a cooling tower involves significant capital costs, so be sure to investigate every retrofit and operations and maintenance option available, and compare the costs and benefits to a new tower. For specifics, consult with experts in the field. The first resource should be local or headquarters engineers, but do not overlook input from experienced contractors or other government agencies. 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